HOME AWAY HOME for STUDENTS and STAFF
On a glorious autumn weekend, students and staff made their way to the lovely harbour town of Batsi which will be home for the various team members over the course of the dig season.
We began our stay with a welcome dinner on Sunday evening at the Café Kantouni Pension, meeting our generous hosts, the directors and getting to know one another before the work on site begins!
A capacity crowd of 70 students, staff and researchers packed into the University of Sydney’s Vere Gordon Childe Centre boardroom on Tuesday 27 August for the weekly Archaeology Seminar Series. For many it was an opportunity to catch up on one of the University’s and Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens’ iconic excavations. For the students especially, it was a chance to have their appetites whetted ahead of their imminent departure for Greece, in an illustrated lecture by Zagora Archaeological Project co-director, Associate Professor Lesley Beaumont.
The presentation, ‘The Zagora Project: Past and Future’, placed the upcoming 2024 field season’s plans in the context of the foundational work undertaken by the University of Sydney in the 1960s and 1970s, led by the late Professor Alexander Cambitoglou. A few original Zagora participants in the audience recognised young versions of themselves and their past captured in the distinct shades of mid-century photography – contrasting images of their heads tilted valiantly against the wind while excavating or relaxing after an exhausting day.
Speaking on behalf of her fellow co-directors Paul Donnelly and Stavros Paspalas, Lesley described the numerous technologies supplementing the 2024 excavations, from drone photogrammetry to groundwater tracing and deep soil coring. Accompanying the presentation were the always-spectacular images of the site. It is easy to get great images of, and around, Zagora. Zagora’s challenging remoteness is also its great strength – the reason for its unique survival as the only complete Iron Age settlement in the region, located on a vertical promontory above a sparkling Aegean Sea.
Can’t wait to visit Zagora ?
Take a look at the spectacular site of Zagora and our work during the 2014 season in this 4 minute video.
by Paul Donnelly
The co-directors and team are sprinting (Olympic fashion) towards the next season at Zagora, with the 2024 excavations nearly upon us. Permits and permissions have been granted from the Hellenic Ministry, students have been briefed, trowels ordered (strictly 4 inches so they are not too flexible!), vehicle hire and accommodation finalised. Equipment such as ‘total stations’ for surveying and computers for recording will be divvied up to accompany team members on their flights to Athens, followed by a bus to the port of Rafina, a two-hour ferry to Gavrio on Andros, and then a final bus to Batsi – the picturesque seaside headquarters of the team. With a bit of luck Kyria Maria at the Pension Kantouni will have cooked up some tasty welcoming treats for our arrival!
The 2024 season starting 23 September continues from where the 2019 season and the Covid Pandemic left off. This year will see new methodologies, an expanded excavation, and a broadening of the hinterland survey. All good reasons to get your ankle-bracing hiking boots on. The three trenches from 2019 will be enlarged towards the defensive wall with the expectation of exposing houses of the ancient Zagorans for the first time in nearly 3,000 years.
One of the mysteries of Zagora has always been why these ancient people abandoned the site c. 700 BCE, never to return. Hydrogeological exploration will allow us to trace underground water sources to help understand if changes in the local water supply had any impact. This is an exciting new approach for the team. Drone photogrammetry will create a stunning new 3D record of the site and a team of visiting specialists will be analysing botanical and zoological remains. The website will have regular updates on the happenings on the ground.
Student briefing
The regular dig team will be joined by 41 students, most of whom are from the University of Sydney. For many, this will be their first experience of an excavation and will count as credit towards their degrees. There aren’t many experiences offered to university students that give access to the most complete preserved Early Iron Age (Geometric Period) site in Greece, located on a spectacularly beautiful Cycladic island in the Aegean.
Supporters
The ZAP Co-Directors (L. A. Beaumont, P. F. Donnelly, and S. A. Paspalas) are grateful to the following for ongoing administrative and intellectual support:
Discipline of Archaeology, The University of Sydney
Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens
The Chau Chak Wing Museum at the University of Sydney
Aargus Pty Ltd
Departments and staff members of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and staff of the Ephorate of Cycladic Antiquities
The Archaeological Museum of Chora (Andros)
Emerita Professor M. C. Miller (ZAP co-director to 2019)
For financial and in-kind support, we acknowledge:
The University of Sydney
Nicholas Anthony Aroney Trust
Aargus Pty Ltd
Harry Tamvakeras
John Chalmers
James Tsiolis
Alexander Zagoreos
Join us on Thursday 14 October at 6:30pm for a free lecture on the latest from the Zagora Archaeological Project.
Register online here.
The Early Iron Age settlement at Zagora (Andros, Greece) continues to yield new data and fresh insights into the nature of Aegean island life in the eighth century BCE. This presentation is the second in this series, following the April showcase of recent investigations at the site.
Thanks to new data from the latest field campaigns and ground-breaking reappraisals of previously excavated material (1967-1974), current Early Career scholars are offering deeper understanding of Cycladic community life and work at this remarkable site. Their work is presented here.
The Zagora evidence offers a rare glimpse into the daily lives of this community: the spaces its inhabitants lived in, how they fed and nourished themselves, and how they manufactured the tools and products they used and traded within an increasingly connected world. This research delves into these household spaces to create a picture of community life and the complex domestic landscape where cooking, craft production such as metalworking, animal husbandry and agriculture were interwoven into the fabric of daily life.
About the speakers
Rudy Alagich is a PhD candidate at the University of Sydney utilising biomolecular methods to provide new insights into ancient Greek agriculture and society.
Dr Kristen Mann is a specialist in early Cycladic settlement archaeology and household space, and is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens and Director of the Digital Horizons Project.
Beatrice McLoughlin is the Finds and Database Manager for the Zagora excavations; her research is centred on defining the local ceramic traditions at the site, from the perspective of potters and users of the coarse wares.
Dr Ivana Vetta recently completed a PhD at the University of Sydney in archaeometallurgy and the Greek Early Iron Age and is an Associate Director at Archaeological Management and Consulting Group.
Join us on Thursday 15 April at 6:30pm for a free lecture
on the latest from the Zagora Archaeological Project.
The lecture is being held at the Chau Chak Wing Museum.
Register to attend in person here or join us online here.
About this Event
The Early Iron Age settlement of Zagora on the Greek
island of Andros never ceases to surprise. This presentation is the first of
two in which Zagora excavators will present their current findings and insights
on this fascinating period which served as the foundation and threshold of the
better known Greek Archaic and Classical periods.
Zagora reached its peak in the ninth and eighth centuries
BC, a period of critical importance in the development of the Aegean. Unlike
most other contemporary settlements, Zagora is exceptionally well preserved
since its inhabitants left c. 700 BC and the site remained largely unoccupied
thereafter. It is therefore a site that has great potential to inform us on how
lives were led at the dawn of the Greek historical period.
Building on the earlier Australian excavations of the
1960s and ‘70s, the research of the current team that recommenced work at the
site in 2012 has opened new vistas onto the settlement’s organisation, the
craft and production activities which occupied its inhabitants, their
agricultural and animal husbandry practices, and their far-ranging maritime
networks. The result is a multi-faceted appreciation of a living community.
Presented in conjunction with the Australian
Archaeological Institute at Athens (AAIA) and the Department of Archaeology.
This event will be held in-person at the Nelson Meers Foundation Auditorium,
Chau Chak Wing Museum.
Speakers include
Dr Lesley Beaumont, Associate Professor of Classical
Archaeology at the University of Sydney and Co-director of the Zagora
Archaeological Project
Dr Paul Donnelly, Deputy Director of the Chau Chak Wing
Museum and Co-director of the Zagora Archaeological Project
Dr Stavros Paspalas, Director of the Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens, and Co-director of the Zagora Archaeological Project
Dr Hugh Thomas, Senior Research Fellow of Classics and Ancient History at the University of WA and Director Aerial Archaeology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Projects
Zagora is an exceptionally well-preserved Early Iron Age settlement and as such it provides rich archaeobotanical evidence for the foodstuffs regularly consumed by its inhabitants in the ninth and eighth centuries BC. Flotation is one of the archaeobotanical sampling techniques used on site to investigate ancient plant remains. Flotation captures small finds including grains and seeds that would normally be missed during archaeological excavation.
Firstly, 10L soil samples are taken from an archaeological deposit. A flotation log is completed and the sample is then placed in the flotation tank. The tank contains fine mesh and is filled with water to dissolve the soil in the sample. This can take anywhere between five minutes and 30 minutes, depending on the sample’s clay content.
Once the soil is dissolved, water is pumped into the base of the tank. Organic remains float to the top and over the lip of the tank where they are collected in a chiffon bag. These materials are called the light fraction and includes plant remains (both ancient and modern), and fragments of bone and shell. The materials that don’t float are called heavy fraction and are captured inside the tank, in the mesh. Heavy fraction can include gravel, small pottery sherds and larger bones. Both the light fraction and the heavy fraction samples are then dried for processing.
The heavy fraction is sorted and catalogued on site. Human made or manipulated remains, including pottery, worked stone, larger pieces of bone and shell, and occasionally charcoal, are collected and recorded.
Light fraction samples are dried and sent to the lab for processing. An archaeobotanist will then sieve the samples through three geological sieves separating out the different sized grains and seeds. The samples are further sorted between modern and ancient, and general plant species. More detailed analysis is then undertaken as required by the project and the sample.
The time required to process light fraction samples is dependent on the density of the sample. Samples which have no plant remains may take minutes to process, whereas samples full of plant remains may take up to two hours to sort. Unfortunately, due to preservation levels it is common to have samples with no plant remains.
There are numerous factors that will influence the preservation of botanical remains at a site. Seeds and grains, like other organic materials do not preserve well in most conditions. Charring, and therefore conditions that lead to charring, are very important in botanical preservation. Charring events are often accidental or forms of discard, where materials are thrown on or near a fire or when a building/storage facility catches on fire. The charring process chemically transforms plant remains (primarily seeds) and allows them to survive within the archaeological matrix for thousands of years. The ideal charring temperature to maximise preservation is 200-300oC. If the temperatures are lower, diagnostic information can be lost through degradation. If the temperature is higher, the seeds and grains maybe reduced to ash and all information lost.
Other challenges to preservation include taphonomic (after burial) processes including ploughing, high water tables and constant wetting and drying of soils. In these situations the decomposition rate of seeds and grains is increased and the amount of information that can be gathered from the sample is reduced.
It is important to remember that due to issues with preservation, the archaeobotanical remains that are collected on a site only make up a tiny sample of the potential agricultural system and culinary practises of the culture being studied. The type of plant remains recovered are also biased towards species that respond best to charring events. Ephemeral foods like fruits, tubers and vegetables do not preserve well. Leafy vegetables are never represented in the archaeological record but were certainly used by ancient cultures. Cereals and pulses are best preserved through charring and are therefore commonly found in flotation samples.
Flotation samples were collected at Zagora during the 2019 season, as also during the 2013 and 2014 excavation seasons. We hope analysis of these samples will be able to identify the seed and grain varieties consumed at the settlement in the Early Iron Age.
Charlotte Diffey has recently completed a Doctor of Philosophy at Oxford University on the nature of Bronze Age agriculture in large cities. She studied how ancient cities were provisioned in a sustainable way which allowed growth. The two primary sites Charlotte studied were Hattusa, the Hittite capital in central Anatolia, and Tell Brak in northern Syria. Hattusa is a Late Bronze Age site and while Tell Brak was occupied over multiple periods, Charlotte’s work focused on the Early Dynastic 3b period.
The sites are extremely different; they were occupied by different societies in different periods. However, Charlotte found similarities between both sites’ agricultural practices, which the cities’ inhabitants tailored very specifically to match their surrounding environment.
Hattusa contains the largest archaeobotanical find in the world. A 119-metre-long underground storage silo, roughly 30 to 40 metres wide, was discovered at the site. It was half burnt down during the Hittite period. When full it is estimated to have contained approximately 7 million kilograms of grain which could potentially feed approximately 30,000 people for a year.
Archaeological work at Tell Brak uncovered a large administrative building potentially used for the mass production of bread for workers. Again, this was full when destroyed and contained a large amount of grain in various stages of processing.
Charlotte concluded that both of these sites were engaged in large-scale, extensive arable agriculture, but while Hittite farmers chose to grow cereals under a range of conditions (variable amounts of water and manure, etc.), farmers at Tell Brak chose to match certain species of cereals with more favourable growing conditions, whilst using more resistant species for the cultivation of more marginal arable areas. Both cities were therefore able to overcome their challenging environmental and social differences.
Charlotte has previously worked as an archaeobotanist on Çatalhöyük in Turkey, at Knossos, Naxos and Keros in Greece, and at Bestansur in Iraq. At Zagora she was responsible for wet-sieving samples of soil excavated in this year’s trenches in order to extract the archaeobotanical remains, which will then be studied and analysed in order to provide information about the diet and agricultural practices of the settlement’s inhabitants.
What happens to the finds we uncover while digging at Zagora? I spoke to two of the co-directors, Dr Stavros Paspalas and Professor Margaret Miller, to discuss the process.
At the end of each day in the field, all excavated artefacts are taken to the Archaeological Museum of Andros. This is part of the permit conditions from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture. All artefact cleaning and analysis is undertaken at the museum.
All artefacts are initially sorted on the basis of the context in which they were excavated and the material type. They are then cleaned, also based on material type. Bone and metal are often brushed clean rather than washed, to prevent further decomposition.
Pottery, which is the main artefact type excavated at Zagora, is soaked overnight to assist with cleaning, then washed and dried. The pottery is then ready to be sorted by fabric and function for analysis. Information regarding the dating of the pottery can be gathered at this stage and is then passed on to the excavators, who gain an idea regarding the dates of the features they are revealing. The team on site and the team in the museum regularly update each other and discuss the site and artefacts. This helps with site interpretation and further excavation decisions.
All pottery fragments, or sherds, are recorded and weighed. They are added to the site database and provide information on the various types of pottery used in each area of the site. If possible, sherds are pieced back together and processed as an individual find. These pieces, along with other diagnostic pieces, are photographed and drawn. Diagnostic pieces generally include rims, handles and bases as well as pieces that bear painted, relief or incised decoration. They provide information on the shape of the vessel and thus the use to which it was put and the tasks that may have been undertaken in the area of the site in which they were excavated.
The fabric of sherds and any decoration they may bear also provides information on the use of the vessel from which they derive. Coarse ware sherds are generally used for storage and food preparation, whereas fine ware sherds are commonly used for eating, drinking and pouring. Fine ware vessels are often decorated; the more detailed the decoration the easier they are to identify and date. Keep in mind, though, that certain categories of coarse ware vessels also bear intricate decoration. Zagora has to date yielded some particularly interesting ornamentation on the large storage jars known as pithoi, seemingly only on the side that faced the room in which they stood.
All artefacts are cleaned and logged and preliminary documentation is completed before the end of the field season. They are then stored in the museum, where they are readily accessible for specialist analysis in the future. Copies of all excavation records are passed onto the Hellenic Ministry of Culture as part of the permit conditions.
Often humble, but sometimes spectacular, sherds provide insights into the lives, beliefs, myths, and connections of the population who lived at Zagora nearly 3000 years ago. Many examples from earlier seasons can be seen in the extensive Zagora section of the Andros Museum in Chora.
We have been working hard on investigating and exploring what lies within the fortification wall. But what is on the other side?
Archaeological survey is one of many ways to assess an area without digging or even disturbing the ground surface.
It involves teams of archaeologists walking at a set distance from their colleagues in transects or predetermined paths across the landscape. For this project they will collect all surface finds they come across (typically pottery fragments but occasionally other objects as well) and record all immovable objects.
Archaeological survey is non-invasive, which means it doesn’t damage or destroy any sites in the area. It still requires specific permission, however – in Zagora’s case, this is in the form of a permit from the local Ephorate, which administers every form of archaeological research.
One of the aims of the 2019 archaeological survey is to try to locate access routes to the sea that would have been used by the Zagorans. Access to the sea would have been essential to the settlement, and it overlooked strategically important sea lanes. Yet we don’t know much about how Zagora relates to the sea and to the wider Aegean.
Another aim is to try to identify any areas where the Zagorans may have undertaken specific activities.
In previous years the team surveyed specific sections of the landscape surrounding Zagora. Team members found some Early Iron Age artefacts along with other more recent artefacts.
This season we are working in areas newly added to the permit – areas that have never been surveyed before – in the hope of finding evidence of how the settlement’s inhabitants used the areas outside of the fortification wall.
It will be very exciting if we can link the settlement to the surrounding landscape and understand how it may have been utilised.
